Health Information

Biotin

​
Print
Back to Previous Page
IMAGE Biotin is a member of the B-complex group of water-soluble vitamins. Water-soluble vitamins are stored in the body in very limited amounts and are excreted through the urine. Biotin can be found in two natural forms—the free vitamin form and biocytin, which is composed of biotin attached to the amino acid lysine. Biocytin is an inactive form of the vitamin. The lysine must be removed before it can be used by the body.
Biotin is present naturally in a wide variety of foods. It is also made by the bacteria that normally live in our intestines.

Functions

Biotin's main function is to help your body's cells produce energy. It does this by working with four essential enzymes that break down fat, carbohydrate, and protein to yield energy. Biotin also plays a role in the synthesis and function of DNA.

Recommended Intake

Age Group Adequate Intake
(micrograms/day)
0-6 months 5
7-12 months 6
1-3 years 8
4-8 years 12
9-13 years 20
14-18 years 25
19+ years 30
Pregnancy 30
Lactation 35

Biotin Deficiency

A biotin deficiency is rare in healthy people who eat a healthful diet, since we usually get enough from the bacteria living in our digestive tracts.
However, certain conditions and life stages can increase the risk of a deficiency. For example, an enzyme called biotinidase is essential to convert biocytin into biotin. Though both biocytin and biotin are easily absorbed in the small intestines, the body can only use the biotin form. If biotinidase is lacking or not working properly, a biotin deficiency can result.
Some people who may be at risk for a biotin deficiency include the following:
  • Infants with low biotinidase levels—Infants who are born with low levels of this enzyme may develop a deficiency. There is some debate among doctors about whether infants should be screened at birth for a deficiency of biotinidase.
  • People who smoke— Smoking accelerates biotin metabolism, thus leading to a deficiency state.
  • People taking anticonvulsant drugs—These medications can inhibit the absorption of biotin or block the action of biotinidase.
  • People who eat a lot of raw eggs—A protein called avidin found in raw egg whites can bind biotin and inhibit its absorption. Cooked eggs do not present this problem. (Note: Eating raw eggs increases the risk of food-borne infection.)
  • Pregnant women—There is some preliminary evidence that biotin deficiency can occur during a normal pregnancy, so women may consider taking a multi-vitamin that contains biotin.
Clinical symptoms of a biotin deficiency include:
  • Hair loss
  • Fatigue
  • Depression
  • Hallucinations
  • Numbness of the extremities
  • Red scaly rash in face and genital area

Biotin Toxicity

There have been no reports of adverse effects due to eating too much biotin. Maximum dosages have not been established.

Major Food Sources

Biotin can be found in a wide variety of foods including eggs, liver, yeast breads, whole grains, sardines, legumes, and mushrooms.
This table lists common foods and their biotin contents.
Food Serving Size Biotin Content
(micrograms)
Egg, cooked 1 large 13-25
Cheddar cheese 1 ounce 0.4-2
Salmon 3 ounces 4-5
Whole Wheat bread 1 slice 0.02-6
Raspberries 1 cup 0.2-2

Health Implications

There is some highly preliminary evidence suggesting supplemental biotin can help to reduce blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. Biotin may also reduce the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy, though other supplements have much stronger evidence. Even weaker evidence suggests that biotin supplements can promote healthy nails and eliminate cradle cap, a scaly head rash often found in infants.

Tips for Increasing Your Biotin Intake

To increase your intake of biotin, try the following:
  • Have a bowl of shredded wheat, whole grain cereal, or oatmeal for breakfast.
  • Make an omelet with two eggs, mushrooms, cheese, and assorted veggies. You can also add a hard boiled egg and some shredded cheese to a leafy green salad.
  • Try this recipe for black bean and crab salad:
    • Mix together 1 pint frozen corn (thawed), 1 (8 oz) can of black beans (drained and rinsed), ¼ cup of red peppers (chopped), 1 (4 oz) can of green chilies (drained), ¼ cup minced cilantro, 4 green onions (chopped), and 12 ounces of chopped artificial crab meat.
    • For the dressing, add 1 teaspoon of cumin and ¼ teaspoon of black pepper, to 2 cloves of minced/chopped garlic. Mix into a paste and then add 2 teaspoons each of white wine vinegar, fresh lime juice, and water. Mix well and then whisk in 3 tablespoons of olive oil.
    • Pour dressing over the corn and bean mixture and stir well. Top with 2 thinly sliced jalapeno peppers. Makes 10 servings.

RESOURCES

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics http://www.eatright.org

United States Department of Agriculture http://www.usda.gov

CANADIAN RESOURCES

Dietitians of Canada http://www.dietitians.ca

Health Canada http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca

References

Biotin. EBSCO Natural and Alternative Treatments website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/biomedical-libraries/natural-alternative-treatments. Updated July 2012. Accessed April 8, 2013.

Biotin. Linus Pauling Institute. Oregon State University website. Available at: http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/biotin/. Accessed April 8, 2013.

Biotin for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Biomed Pharmacother. 1990;44(10):511-4.

Biotin supplement needed during pregnancy. Bastyr Center for Natural Health website. Available at: http://www.bastyrcenter.org/content/view/609/. Accessed April 8, 2013.

Biotinidase deficiency. Illinois Department of Public Health website. Available at: http://www.idph.state.il.us/HealthWellness/fs/biotinidase.htm. Accessed April 8, 2013.

Coretta C, Bowers E, Cox T, et al. Biotin. North Carolina State University website. Available at: http://www4.ncsu.edu/~knopp/BCH451/Biotin.htm. Accessed April 8, 2013.

Mock DM. Biotin. In: Rucker B, Suttie J, McCormick D, Machlin L, eds. Handbook of Vitamins. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 2001:397-426.

Sealey WM, Teague AM, Stratton SL, et al. Smoking accelerates biotin catabolism in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;4:932-935.

Revision Information

This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.

Copyright © EBSCO Publishing
All rights reserved.

Health Encyclopedia

1-888-741-5122

 -->